Erarbeitung eines Beziehungssystems zur Entwicklung eigenschaftsoptimierter Karosseriekonzepte in Mischbauweise

Aus der Einleitung: "Verschiedene Zielkonflikte zwischen den Anforderungen bzgl. Sicherheit, Wirtschaftlichkeit und Umweltverträglichkeit resultieren aus den Spannungsfeldern Umwelt, Wirtschaft und Technik (Busche 2014, Braess & Seiffert 2013). Richtungsentscheidungen bei der Festlegung der Anforderungen im Entwicklungsprozess auf Grundlage weniger Informationen bergen die Gefahr fehlerhafter Entscheidungen (Feldhusen & Grote 2013). Wird dies im weiteren Verlauf der Entwicklungsprozesse bemerkt sind Iterationsschleifen verbunden mit hohen Kosten notwendig, um dort nachzubessern (Ehrlenspiel et al. 2007). Der Grund für das große Informationsdefizit am Anfang des Entwicklungsprozesses sind die unbekannten Auswirkungen der Parametervariationen auf die Eigenschaften (Ehrlenspiel 2009). Diese resultieren u.a. aus den restriktiven Anforderungen, neuen Technologien oder alternativen Werkstoffen (Braess & Seiffert 2013). Muss das Nachfolgefahrzeug bspw. länger und flacher, bei gleicher Fahrdynamik werden oder leichter bei schärferen NVH- und Crash-Eigenschaften sein, müssen neue Strukturen, Materialien und Verfahren eingesetzt werden (Prinz 2011, Busche 2014). Bei Neukonstruktionen ist der Anteil unbekannter Auswirkungen noch höher (Ehrlenspiel 2009). ...

Interlayer connectivity reconstruction for multilayer brain networks using phase oscillator models

Large-scale neurophysiological networks are often reconstructed from band-pass filtered time series derived from magnetoencephalography (MEG) data. Common practice is to reconstruct these networks separately for different frequency bands and to treat them independently. Recent evidence suggests that this separation may be inadequate, as there can be significant coupling between frequency bands (interlayer connectivity). A multilayer network approach offers a solution to analyze frequency-specific networks in one framework. We propose to use a recently developed network reconstruction method in conjunction with phase oscillator models to estimate interlayer connectivity that optimally fits the empirical data. This approach determines interlayer connectivity based on observed frequency-specific time series of the phase and a connectome derived from diffusion weighted imaging. The performance of this interlayer reconstruction method was evaluated in-silico. Our reconstruction of the underlying interlayer connectivity agreed to very high degree with the ground truth. Subsequently, we applied our method to empirical resting-state MEG data obtained from healthy subjects and reconstructed two-layered networks consisting of either alpha-to-beta or theta-to-gamma band connectivity. Our analysis revealed that interlayer connectivity is dominated by a multiplex structure, i.e. by one-to-one interactions for both alpha-to-beta band and theta-to-gamma band networks. For theta-gamma band networks, we also found a plenitude of interlayer connections between distant nodes, though weaker connectivity relative to the one-to-one connections. Our work is an stepping stone towards the identification of interdependencies across frequency-specific networks. Our results lay the ground for the use of the promising multilayer framework in this field with more-informed and justified interlayer connections

Individual Human Brain Areas Can Be Identified from Their Characteristic Spectral Activation Fingerprints

The human brain can be parcellated into diverse anatomical areas. We investigated whether rhythmic brain activity in these areas is characteristic and can be used for automatic classification. To this end, resting-state MEG data of 22 healthy adults was analysed. Power spectra of 1-s long data segments for atlas-defined brain areas were clustered into spectral profiles (“fingerprints”), using k-means and Gaussian mixture (GM) modelling. We demonstrate that individual areas can be identified from these spectral profiles with high accuracy. Our results suggest that each brain area engages in different spectral modes that are characteristic for individual areas. Clustering of brain areas according to similarity of spectral profiles reveals well-known brain networks. Furthermore, we demonstrate task-specific modulations of auditory spectral profiles during auditory processing. These findings have important implications for the classification of regional spectral activity and allow for novel approaches in neuroimaging and neurostimulation in health and disease

Demersal Fish Assemblages and Spatial Diversity Patterns in the Arctic-Atlantic Transition Zone in the Barents Sea

Direct and indirect effects of global warming are expected to be pronounced and fast in the Arctic, impacting terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. The Barents Sea is a high latitude shelf Sea and a boundary area between arctic and boreal faunas. These faunas are likely to respond differently to changes in climate. In addition, the Barents Sea is highly impacted by fisheries and other human activities. This strong human presence places great demands on scientific investigation and advisory capacity. In order to identify basic community structures against which future climate related or other human induced changes could be evaluated, we analyzed species composition and diversity of demersal fish in the Barents Sea. We found six main assemblages that were separated along depth and temperature gradients. There are indications that climate driven changes have already taken place, since boreal species were found in large parts of the Barents Sea shelf, including also the northern Arctic area. When modelling diversity as a function of depth and temperature, we found that two of the assemblages in the eastern Barents Sea showed lower diversity than expected from their depth and temperature. This is probably caused by low habitat complexity and the distance to the pool of boreal species in the western Barents Sea. In contrast coastal assemblages in south western Barents Sea and along Novaya Zemlya archipelago in the Eastern Barents Sea can be described as diversity “hotspots”; the South-western area had high density of species, abundance and biomass, and here some species have their northern distribution limit, whereas the Novaya Zemlya area has unique fauna of Arctic, coastal demersal fish. (see Information S1 for abstract in Russian)

Erarbeitung eines Beziehungssystems zur Entwicklung eigenschaftsoptimierter Karosseriekonzepte in Mischbauweise

Aus der Einleitung: "Verschiedene Zielkonflikte zwischen den Anforderungen bzgl. Sicherheit, Wirtschaftlichkeit und Umweltverträglichkeit resultieren aus den Spannungsfeldern Umwelt, Wirtschaft und Technik (Busche 2014, Braess & Seiffert 2013). Richtungsentscheidungen bei der Festlegung der Anforderungen im Entwicklungsprozess auf Grundlage weniger Informationen bergen die Gefahr fehlerhafter Entscheidungen (Feldhusen & Grote 2013). Wird dies im weiteren Verlauf der Entwicklungsprozesse bemerkt sind Iterationsschleifen verbunden mit hohen Kosten notwendig, um dort nachzubessern (Ehrlenspiel et al. 2007). Der Grund für das große Informationsdefizit am Anfang des Entwicklungsprozesses sind die unbekannten Auswirkungen der Parametervariationen auf die Eigenschaften (Ehrlenspiel 2009). Diese resultieren u.a. aus den restriktiven Anforderungen, neuen Technologien oder alternativen Werkstoffen (Braess & Seiffert 2013). Muss das Nachfolgefahrzeug bspw. länger und flacher, bei gleicher Fahrdynamik werden oder leichter bei schärferen NVH- und Crash-Eigenschaften sein, müssen neue Strukturen, Materialien und Verfahren eingesetzt werden (Prinz 2011, Busche 2014). Bei Neukonstruktionen ist der Anteil unbekannter Auswirkungen noch höher (Ehrlenspiel 2009). ...

Legitimacy under Pressure:The European Web of Counter-Terrorism Networks

Within European law enforcement circles, counter-terrorism networks and privileged partnerships tend to be preferred to formal bureaucratic structures because of their flexibility and directness. The professional preference for informal, bilateral and privileged relationships may, however, undermine the potential of formally established agencies such as Europol and Eurojust, which work through national and centrally co-ordinated channels of information and intelligence. This article seeks to assess whether standards of democratic, legal and social legitimacy are under pressure as a consequence of this persistent preference for horizontal, direct and informal co-operation